How to Write Clean and Maintainable Code

Writing clean and maintainable code is what separates junior developers from senior engineers. It’s not just about making code work—but making it easy to understand, change, and extend.

Core principles:

  1. Meaningful Naming
    • Use descriptive names: calculate_total() > calc() or ct().
    • Avoid abbreviations and cryptic variables.
  2. Single Responsibility
    • Each function, module, or class should do one thing and do it well.
  3. Keep It DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself)
    • Abstract repeated code into reusable functions or components.
  4. Comment When Necessary
    • Avoid obvious comments—focus on the “why” instead of “what”.
  5. Consistent Formatting
    • Use code formatters like Prettier, Black, or clang-format.
    • Stick to team or community style guides.
  6. Modular Design
    • Split code into logical files and folders.
    • Encapsulate related logic into reusable modules or classes.
  7. Write Tests
    • Unit and integration tests ensure long-term code stability.
    • TDD can help you stay focused and write better interfaces.
  8. Refactor Regularly
    • Treat messy code like debt—clean as you go.

Clean code is readable, testable, and extensible. Prioritize future maintainers (including yourself), and you’ll write code that lasts.

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